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W3C

XPath and XQuery Functions and Operators 4.0

W3C Editor's Draft 23 February 2026

This version:
https://qt4cg.org/specifications/xpath-functions-40/
Latest version of XPath and XQuery Functions and Operators 4.0:
https://qt4cg.org/specifications/xpath-functions-40/
Most recent Recommendation of XPath and XQuery Functions and Operators:
https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-xpath-functions-31-20170321/
Editor:
Michael Kay, Saxonica <http://www.saxonica.com/>

Please check the errata for any errors or issues reported since publication.

See also translations.

This document is also available in these non-normative formats: Specification in XML format and XML function catalog.


Abstract

This document defines constructor functions, operators, and functions on the datatypes defined in [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition] and the datatypes defined in [XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) 3.1]. It also defines functions and operators on nodes and node sequences as defined in the [XQuery and XPath Data Model (XDM) 3.1]. These functions and operators are defined for use in [XML Path Language (XPath) 4.0] and [XQuery 4.0: An XML Query Language] and [XSL Transformations (XSLT) Version 4.0] and other related XML standards. The signatures and summaries of functions defined in this document are available at: http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/.

A summary of changes since version 3.1 is provided at G Changes since 3.1.

Status of this Document

This version of the specification is work in progress. It is produced by the QT4 Working Group, officially the W3C XSLT 4.0 Extensions Community Group. Individual functions specified in the document may be at different stages of review, reflected in their History notes. Comments are invited, in the form of GitHub issues at https://github.com/qt4cg/qtspecs.

Dedication

The publications of this community group are dedicated to our co-chair, Michael Sperberg-McQueen (1954–2024).


15 Parsing and serializing

These functions convert between the lexical representation and XPath and XQuery data model representation of various file formats.

15.2 Functions on HTML Data

Changes in 4.0  

  1. A new function is available for processing input data in HTML format.   [Issues 74 850 1799 1889 1891 PRs 259 956 10 January 2023]

These functions convertThis function converts between the lexical representation of HTML and the XDM tree representation.

FunctionMeaning
fn:parse-htmlThis function takes as input an HTML document represented as a string, and returns the document node at the root of an XDM tree representing the parsed document.

15.2.1 XDM Mapping from HTML DOM Nodes

The fn:parse-html function conceptually works in two phases:

  1. The lexical HTML (supplied as a string) is parsed into an HTML DOM as defined by the HTML5 specification: see [HTML: Living Standard] and [DOM: Living Standard].

  2. The resulting DOM is converted to an XDM tree as described in this section. This is described by defining the actions of the accessor functions defined in Section 6.7 AccessorsDM.

Note:

Because the [DOM: Living Standard] and [HTML: Living Standard] are not fixed, it is implementation-defined which versions are used.

An implementation must match the semantics of the mapping described in this section, but the specific way it achieves that is implementation-dependent.

Note:

An implementation must match the semantics of the mapping described in this section, but the specific way it achieves that is implementation-dependent.

Some possible implementation strategies are:

  1. Parse the HTML to an HTML DOM and then convert the HTML DOM to an XDM node tree.

  2. Parse the HTML to an HTML DOM and then implement a wrapper or facade that presents an XDM interface to the HTML DOM.

  3. Parse the lexical HTML directly to an XDM node tree, bypassing the HTML DOM.

The [DOM: Living Standard] defines parsing algorithms for two different formats, which it refers to as the HTML and XML serializations (or concrete syntaxes). The XML serialization is an XML document which typically uses the namespace http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml and the content type application/xhtml+xml, and is popularly referred to as XHTML. The HTML parsing algorithm constructs an HTML DOM HTMLDocument document object for the HTML document. The XHTML parsing algorithm constructs an HTML DOM XMLDocument object for the HTML document, following XML parsing rules. This mapping supports both of these document types.

The [DOM: Living Standard] specification defines HTML DOM nodes that are mapped to XDM nodes as follows:

  1. The HTML DOM Document interface maps to Section 6.6.1 Document nodesDM.

  2. The HTML DOM Element interface maps to Section 6.6.2 Element nodesDM.

  3. The HTML DOM Attr interface maps to Section 6.6.3 Attribute nodesDM.

    Note:

    Any HTML DOM Attr instances in an HTML DOM HTMLDocument that represent namespace declarations will have been filtered out: see 15.2.1.1 attributes Accessor.

  4. The HTML DOM ProcessingInstruction interface maps to Section 6.6.5 Processing instruction nodesDM.

    Note:

    The HTML parsing algorithm does not generate processing instruction nodes. If encountered they are parsed as comment nodes. The HTML DOM ProcessingInstruction interface is relevant only when the XHTML parsing algorithm is used.

  5. The HTML DOM Comment interface maps to Section 6.6.6 Comment nodesDM.

  6. The HTML DOM Text interface maps to Section 6.6.7 Text nodesDM. Adjacent HTML DOM Text nodes are combined into a single Section 6.6.7 Text nodesDM.

    Note:

    The HTML DOM CDATASection interface is an instance of HTML DOM Text, so CDATA sections also map to Section 6.6.7 Text nodesDM.

    The use of CDATA sections can result in the HTML DOM containing adjacent text nodes, which the mapping to XDM will merge into a single node.

Note:

The HTML DOM DocumentFragment interface is not supported as an XML node. There are two places in the HTML DOM where this is used:

  1. The HTML DOM ShadowRoot interface is not present in the main HTML DOM tree. It is only accessible via JavaScript.

  2. The template element’s content property contains the child nodes of the template element. The behaviour of this is defined by the include-template-content key in the 15.2.2 HTML parser options$options map.

If an implementation allows these nodes to be passed in via an API or similar mechanism, their behaviour is implementation-defined.

15.2.2 HTML parser options

This section describes the record structure used to pass options to the fn:parse-html function.

Additional implementation-defined parser options are allowed.

Example:

An implementation may provide keys for options to the tidy HTML parser, allowing a user to configure the behaviour of that parser.

15.2.315.2.2 fn:parse-html

Changes in 4.0  

  1. New in 4.0  [Issues 74 850 1799 1889 1891 PRs 259 956 10 January 2023]

Summary

This function takes as input an HTML document represented as a string, and returns the document node at the root of an XDM tree representing the parsed document.

Signature
fn:parse-html(
$htmlas (xs:string | xs:hexBinary | xs:base64Binary)?,
$optionsas map(*)?:= { "method": "html", "html-version": 5 }
) as document-node(*:html)?
Properties

This function is nondeterministic, context-independent, and focus-independent.

Rules

If $html is the empty sequence the function returns the empty sequence.

In other cases, $html is expected to contain an HTML document supplied either as a string, or as a binary value.

The entries that may appear in the $options map are as follows:

record(
methodencoding?as xs:string?,
html-versionfail-on-error?as (enum('LS') | xs:decimal)xs:boolean?,
encoding?as xs:string?,
include-template-content?as xs:boolean?
)
KeyValueMeaning

method?

encoding?

The approach used to parse the HTML document into XDM nodes.

Note:

An implementation may use this to specify a specific algorithm, tool, or library that is used, such as tidy or tagsoup.

An implementation may also use this to specify a non-standard variant of HTML to support, such as word for the Microsoft Word HTML variant.

The character encoding to use to decode a sequence of octets that represents an HTML document.

  • Type: xs:string?

html-version?

fail-on-error?

The version of HTML to support when parsing HTML strings or sequences of octets.

Valid values an implementation must support for the html method are:

  1. 3, 3.2 for HTML 3.2 W3C Recommendation, 14 January 1997

  2. 4, 4.01 for HTML 4.01 W3C Recommendation, 24 December 1999

  3. 5.0 for HTML5 W3C Recommendation, 28 October 2014

  4. 5.1 for HTML 5.1 W3C Recommendation, 1 November 2016

  5. 5.2 for HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation, 14 December 2017

  6. LS for HTML Living Standard, WHATWG

  7. 5 may be equivalent to any of 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, or LS

Valid values an implementation must support for the xhtml method are:

  1. 1.0 for XHTML 1.0 W3C Recommendation, 26 January 2000

  2. 1.1 for XHTML 1.1 W3C Recommendation, 31 May 2001

Any other method and html-version combinations are implementation-defined.

Indicates whether the function should fail with a dynamic error if the input is not syntactically valid.

  • Type: (enum('LS') | xs:decimal)

    Type: xs:boolean?

  • Default: false()

encoding?

false

The character encoding to use to decode a sequence of octets that represents an HTML document.

  • Type: xs:string?

Parsing errors should be handled as described in [HTML: Living Standard] section 13.2.2, Parse Errors.
true A parsing error should result in the function failing with a dynamic error.

include-template-content?

Defines how to handle elements in the HTMLTemplateElement.content property.

If this option is true, the template element’s children are the children of the content property’s document fragment node.

If this option is false, the template element’s children are the empty sequence.

The default behaviour is implementation-defined.

Note:

This allows an implementation to support the behaviour defined in [HTML: Living Standard] section 4.12.3.1, Interaction of template elements with XSLT and XPath:

  1. This option would default to true for an XSLT processor operating on an HTML DOM constructed from an XHTML document.

  2. This option would default to false for an XPath processor using the [DOM: Living Standard] section 8, XPath APIs.

  • Type: xs:boolean?

The option parameter conventions apply.

If $html is not the empty sequence, an input byte stream is constructed as follows:

  1. If $html is an xs:string, the encoding of the input byte stream is determined in a way consistent with [HTML: Living Standard] section 13.2.3.1, Parsing with a known character encoding to generate the bytes for that string. The specific character encoding is the implementation-dependent encoding corresponding to the implementation’s string representation.

  2. If the type of $html is a sequence of octets (xs:hexBinary or xs:base64Binary) the encoding of the input byte stream is determined in a way consistent with [HTML: Living Standard] section 13.2.3.2, Determining the character encoding:

    1. The encoding key of $options is usedinterpreted in step 2 of Determining the character encoding as the user instructing the user agent to override the document’s character encoding with the specified encoding.

    2. If the encoding key of $options is not specified, step 2 of Determining the character encoding is skipped.

The resulting byte stream is then used to construct an XDM representation of the HTML document in a way that is equivalent to:

  1. Tokenizing the byte stream according to the HTML parsing algorithm determined by theas described in method and html-version keys of $options (see below). For { "method": "html", "html-version": "LS" } this will be equivalent to [HTML: Living Standard] section 13.2.5, Tokenization.

  2. Constructing a HTMLDocument object for HTML documents, or an XMLDocument for XML/XHTML documents according to theas described in method’s tree construction algorithm from the tokens. For { "method": "html", "html-version": "LS" } this will be equivalent to [HTML: Living Standard] section 13.2.6, Tree construction.

  3. Building an XDM representation of the HTMLDocument or XMLDocument according to the rules in 15.2.1 XDM Mapping from HTML DOM Nodes.

For any given method key of $options the implementation must use a parser and validator consistent with the html-version key of $options. These are:

Valid method and html version combinations
methodhtml-versionDescription
html3, 3.2, 4, 4.01An implementation-dependent parsing algorithm, tree construction, and validation consistent with the specified HTML version.
html5, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2An HTML5 conformant parsing algorithm, tree construction, and validation consistent with the specified HTML version. An implementation may choose to use LS for all these HTML versions.
htmlLSA parsing algorithm, tree construction, and validation consistent with the [HTML: Living Standard].
xhtml1.0, 1.1

An implementation may choose to use an XML parser to directly construct the XDM nodes, and then use an implementation-dependent validation mechanism (such as DTD or XMLSchema) to validate the XHTML DOM tree.

An implementation may also choose to use [HTML: Living Standard] for all these XHTML versions, or some other HTML parser capable of processing XHTML documents.

**

An implementation-defined parsing algorithm, tree construction, and validation consistent with the specified HTML version.

This allows an implementation to provide their own method and html-version combinations. For example, an implementation could use the values "whatwg" and "2023-01-28" for an implementation of the WHATWG HTML Living Standard at a given date.

The implementation should process any input HTML that adheres to the current practice of mainstream web browsers, as this evolves over time. Since this is defined by a “living standard” (see [HTML: Living Standard]), no specific version is prescribed. An implementation may define additional options to control aspects of the HTML parsing algorithm, including the selection of a specific HTML parsing library; it may also provide options to process alternative HTML versions or dialects.

The implementation should recognize and process XHTML (referred to in [HTML: Living Standard] as the XML concrete syntax of HTML).

The function is nondeterministic with respect to node identity: that is, if the function is called twice with the same arguments, it is implementation-dependent whether the same node is returned on both occasions.

Error Conditions

A dynamic error is raised [err:FODC0011] if the content of $html is not a well-formed HTML document.

A dynamic error is raised [err:FODC0012] if the method key of $options is not supported by the implementation.

A dynamic error is raised [err:FODC0012] if a key passed to $options, or the value of that key, is not supported by the implementation.

Notes

If the HTML parser accepts a string as the input then that may be used directly when $html is an xs:string instead of converting the string to a sequence of octets in an implementation-dependent encoding. The HTML parser must not perform character encoding processing on that input, treating the HTML string as being in a known character encoding that matches the encoding of the string.

The WHATWG Encoding specification defines the ISO 8859-1 (latin1) and ASCII encodings as aliases of the windows-1252 encoding.

Examples

The expression parse-html(()) returns ().

The expression parse-html("<p>Hello</p>") returns an XDM document node equivalent to the result of parsing the XML <html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'><head/><body><p>Hello</p></body></html>

The expression parse-html("<p>Hi</p>", method:="html") is equivalent to parse-html("<p>Hi</p>").

F Implementation-defined features (Non-Normative)

  1. It is implementation-defined which version of Unicode is supported, but it is recommended that the most recent version of Unicode be used. (See Conformance.)

  2. It is implementation-defined whether the type system is based on XML Schema 1.0 or XML Schema 1.1. (See Conformance.)

  3. It is implementation-defined whether definitions that rely on XML (for example, the set of valid XML characters) should use the definitions in XML 1.0 or XML 1.1. (See Conformance.)

  4. Implementations may attach an implementation-defined meaning to options in the map that are not described in this specification. These options should use values of type xs:QName as the option names, using an appropriate namespace. (See Options.)

  5. It is implementation-defined which version of [The Unicode Standard] is supported, but it is recommended that the most recent version of Unicode be used. (See Strings, characters, and codepoints.)

  6. [Definition] Some functions (such as fn:distinct-values, fn:unordered, map:keys, and map:for-each) produce results in an implementation-defined or implementation-dependent order. In such cases two calls with the same arguments are not guaranteed to produce the results in the same order. These functions are said to be nondeterministic with respect to ordering. (See Properties of functions.)

  7. Where the results of a function are described as being (to a greater or lesser extent) implementation-defined or implementation-dependent, this does not by itself remove the requirement that the results should be deterministic: that is, that repeated calls with the same explicit and implicit arguments must return identical results. (See Properties of functions.)

  8. In addition, the values of $input, typically serialized and converted to an xs:string, and $label (if supplied and non-empty) may be output to an implementation-defined destination. (See fn:trace.)

  9. Consider a situation in which a user wants to investigate the actual value passed to a function. Assume that in a particular execution, $v is an xs:decimal with value 124.84. Writing fn:trace($v, 'the value of $v is:') will return $v. The processor may output "124.84" and "the value of $v is:" to an implementation-defined destination. (See fn:trace.)

  10. Similar to fn:trace, the values of $input, typically serialized and converted to an xs:string, and $label (if supplied and non-empty) may be output to an implementation-defined destination. (See fn:message.)

  11. They may provide an implementation-defined mechanism that allows users to choose between raising an error and returning a result that is modulo the largest representable integer value. See [ISO 10967]. (See Arithmetic operators on numeric values.)

  12. For xs:decimal values, let N be the number of digits of precision supported by the implementation, and let M (M <= N) be the minimum limit on the number of digits required for conformance (18 digits for XSD 1.0, 16 digits for XSD 1.1). Then for addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations, the returned result should be accurate to N digits of precision, and for division and modulus operations, the returned result should be accurate to at least M digits of precision. The actual precision is implementation-defined. If the number of digits in the mathematical result exceeds the number of digits that the implementation retains for that operation, the result is truncated or rounded in an implementation-defined manner. (See Arithmetic operators on numeric values.)

  13. The [IEEE 754-2019] specification also describes handling of two exception conditions called divideByZero and invalidOperation. The IEEE divideByZero exception is raised not only by a direct attempt to divide by zero, but also by operations such as log(0). The IEEE invalidOperation exception is raised by attempts to call a function with an argument that is outside the function’s domain (for example, sqrt(-1) or log(-1)). Although IEEE defines these as exceptions, it also defines “default non-stop exception handling” in which the operation returns a defined result, typically positive or negative infinity, or NaN. With this function library, these IEEE exceptions do not cause a dynamic error at the application level; rather they result in the relevant function or operator returning the defined non-error result. The underlying IEEE exception may be notified to the application or to the user by some implementation-defined warning condition, but the observable effect on an application using the functions and operators defined in this specification is simply to return the defined result (typically -INF, +INF, or NaN) with no error. (See Arithmetic operators on numeric values.)

  14. The [IEEE 754-2019] specification distinguishes two NaN values: a quiet NaN and a signaling NaN. These two values are not distinguishable in the XDM model: the value spaces of xs:float and xs:double each include only a single NaN value. This does not prevent the implementation distinguishing them internally, and triggering different implementation-defined warning conditions, but such distinctions do not affect the observable behavior of an application using the functions and operators defined in this specification. (See Arithmetic operators on numeric values.)

  15. The implementation may adopt a different algorithm provided that it is equivalent to this formulation in all cases where implementation-dependent or implementation-defined behavior does not affect the outcome, for example, the implementation-defined precision of the result of xs:decimal division. (See op:numeric-integer-divide.)

  16. There may be implementation-defined limits on the precision available. If the requested $precision is outside this range, it should be adjusted to the nearest value supported by the implementation. (See fn:round.)

  17. There may be implementation-defined limits on the precision available. If the requested $precision is outside this range, it should be adjusted to the nearest value supported by the implementation. (See fn:round-half-to-even.)

  18. There may be implementation-defined limits on the precision available. If the requested $precision is outside this range, it should be adjusted to the nearest value supported by the implementation. (See fn:divide-decimals.)

  19. XSD 1.1 allows the string +INF as a representation of positive infinity; XSD 1.0 does not. It is implementation-defined whether XSD 1.1 is supported. (See fn:number.)

  20. Any other format token, which indicates a numbering sequence in which that token represents the number 1 (one) (but see the note below). It is implementation-defined which numbering sequences, additional to those listed above, are supported. If an implementation does not support a numbering sequence represented by the given token, it must use a format token of 1. (See fn:format-integer.)

  21. For all format tokens other than a digit-pattern, there may be implementation-defined lower and upper bounds on the range of numbers that can be formatted using this format token; indeed, for some numbering sequences there may be intrinsic limits. For example, the format token U+2460 (CIRCLED DIGIT ONE, ) has a range imposed by the Unicode character repertoire — zero to 20 in Unicode versions prior to 3.2, or zero to 50 in subsequent versions. For the numbering sequences described above any upper bound imposed by the implementation must not be less than 1000 (one thousand) and any lower bound must not be greater than 1. Numbers that fall outside this range must be formatted using the format token 1. (See fn:format-integer.)

  22. The set of languages for which numbering is supported is implementation-defined. If the $language argument is absent, or is set to an empty sequence, or is invalid, or is not a language supported by the implementation, then the number is formatted using the default language from the dynamic context. (See fn:format-integer.)

  23. ...either a or t, to indicate alphabetic or traditional numbering respectively, the default being implementation-defined. (See fn:format-integer.)

  24. The string of characters between the parentheses, if present, is used to select between other possible variations of cardinal or ordinal numbering sequences. The interpretation of this string is implementation-defined. No error occurs if the implementation does not define any interpretation for the defined string. (See fn:format-integer.)

  25. It is implementation-defined what combinations of values of the format token, the language, and the cardinal/ordinal modifier are supported. If ordinal numbering is not supported for the combination of the format token, the language, and the string appearing in parentheses, the request is ignored and cardinal numbers are generated instead. (See fn:format-integer.)

  26. The use of the a or t modifier disambiguates between numbering sequences that use letters. In many languages there are two commonly used numbering sequences that use letters. One numbering sequence assigns numeric values to letters in alphabetic sequence, and the other assigns numeric values to each letter in some other manner traditional in that language. In English, these would correspond to the numbering sequences specified by the format tokens a and i. In some languages, the first member of each sequence is the same, and so the format token alone would be ambiguous. In the absence of the a or t modifier, the default is implementation-defined. (See fn:format-integer.)

  27. The static context provides a set of decimal formats. One of the decimal formats is unnamed, the others (if any) are identified by a QName. There is always an unnamed decimal format available, but its contents are implementation-defined. (See Defining a decimal format.)

  28. IEEE states that the preferred quantum is language-defined. In this specification, it is implementation-defined. (See Trigonometric and exponential functions.)

  29. IEEE defines various rounding algorithms for inexact results, and states that the choice of rounding direction, and the mechanisms for influencing this choice, are language-defined. In this specification, the rounding direction and any mechanisms for influencing it are implementation-defined. (See Trigonometric and exponential functions.)

  30. The map returned by the fn:random-number-generator function may contain additional entries beyond those specified here, but it must match the record type defined above. The meaning of any additional entries is implementation-defined. To avoid conflict with any future version of this specification, the keys of any such entries should start with an underscore character. (See fn:random-number-generator.)

  31. If two query parameters use the same keyword then the last one wins. If a query parameter uses a keyword or value which is not defined in this specification then the meaning is implementation-defined. If the implementation recognizes the meaning of the keyword and value then it should interpret it accordingly; if it does not recognize the keyword or value then if the fallback parameter is present with the value no it should reject the collation as unsupported, otherwise it should ignore the unrecognized parameter. (See The Unicode Collation Algorithm.)

  32. The following query parameters are defined. If any parameter is absent, the default is implementation-defined except where otherwise stated. The meaning given for each parameter is non-normative; the normative specification is found in [UTS #35]. (See The Unicode Collation Algorithm.)

  33. Because the set of collations that are supported is implementation-defined, an implementation has the option to support all collation URIs, in which case it will never raise this error. (See Choosing a collation.)

  34. The properties available are as defined for the Unicode Collation Algorithm (see 5.3.4 The Unicode Collation Algorithm). Additional implementation-defined properties may be specified as described in the rules for UCA collation URIs. (See fn:collation.)

  35. It is possible to define collations that do not have the ability to generate collation keys. Supplying such a collation will cause the function to fail. The ability to generate collation keys is an implementation-defined property of the collation. (See fn:collation-key.)

  36. Conforming implementations must support normalization form NFC and may support normalization forms NFD, NFKC, NFKD, and FULLY-NORMALIZED. They may also support other normalization forms with implementation-defined semantics. (See fn:normalize-unicode.)

  37. It is implementation-defined which version of Unicode (and therefore, of the normalization algorithms and their underlying data) is supported by the implementation. See [UAX #15] for details of the stability policy regarding changes to the normalization rules in future versions of Unicode. If the input string contains codepoints that are unassigned in the relevant version of Unicode, or for which no normalization rules are defined, the fn:normalize-unicode function leaves such codepoints unchanged. If the implementation supports the requested normalization form then it must be able to handle every input string without raising an error. (See fn:normalize-unicode.)

  38. It is possible to define collations that do not have the ability to decompose a string into units suitable for substring matching. An argument to a function defined in this section may be a URI that identifies a collation that is able to compare two strings, but that does not have the capability to split the string into collation units. Such a collation may cause the function to fail, or to give unexpected results, or it may be rejected as an unsuitable argument. The ability to decompose strings into collation units is an implementation-defined property of the collation. The fn:collation-available function can be used to ask whether a particular collation has this property. (See Functions based on substring matching.)

  39. The result of the function will always be such that validation against this schema would succeed. However, it is implementation-defined whether the result is typed or untyped, that is, whether the elements and attributes in the returned tree have type annotations that reflect the result of validating against this schema. (See fn:analyze-string.)

  40. Some URI schemes are hierarchical and some are non-hierarchical. Implementations must treat the following schemes as non-hierarchical: jar, mailto, news, tag, tel, and urn. Whether additional schemes are known to be non-hierarchical implementation-defined. If a scheme is not known to be non-hierarchical, it must be treated as hierarchical. (See Parsing and building URIs.)

  41. If the omit-default-ports option is true, the port is discarded and set to the empty sequence if the port number is the same as the default port for the given scheme. Implementations should recognize the default ports for http (80), https (443), ftp (21), and ssh (22). Exactly which ports are recognized is implementation-defined. (See fn:parse-uri.)

  42. If the omit-default-ports option is true then the $port is set to the empty sequence if the port number is the same as the default port for the given scheme. Implementations should recognize the default ports for http (80), https (443), ftp (21), and ssh (22). Exactly which ports are recognized is implementation-defined. (See fn:build-uri.)

  43. Processors may support a greater range and/or precision. The limits are implementation-defined. (See Limits and precision.)

  44. Similarly, a processor may be unable accurately to represent the result of dividing a duration by 2, or multiplying a duration by 0.5. A processor that limits the precision of the seconds component of duration values must deliver a result that is as close as possible to the mathematically precise result, given these limits; if two values are equally close, the one that is chosen is implementation-defined. (See Limits and precision.)

  45. All conforming processors must support year values in the range 1 to 9999, and a minimum fractional second precision of 1 millisecond or three digits (i.e., s.sss). However, processors may set larger implementation-defined limits on the maximum number of digits they support in these two situations. Processors may also choose to support the year 0 and years with negative values. The results of operations on dates that cross the year 0 are implementation-defined. (See Limits and precision.)

  46. Similarly, a processor that limits the precision of the seconds component of date and time or duration values may need to deliver a rounded result for arithmetic operations. Such a processor must deliver a result that is as close as possible to the mathematically precise result, given these limits: if two values are equally close, the one that is chosen is implementation-defined. (See Limits and precision.)

  47. ...the format token n, N, or Nn, indicating that the value of the component is to be output by name, in lower-case, upper-case, or title-case respectively. Components that can be output by name include (but are not limited to) months, days of the week, timezones, and eras. If the processor cannot output these components by name for the chosen calendar and language then it must use an implementation-defined fallback representation. (See The picture string.)

  48. ...indicates alphabetic or traditional numbering respectively, the default being implementation-defined. This has the same meaning as in the second argument of fn:format-integer. (See The picture string.)

  49. The sequence of characters in the (adjusted) first presentation modifier is reversed (for example, 999'### becomes ###'999). If the result is not a valid decimal digit pattern, then the output is implementation-defined. (See Formatting Fractional Seconds.)

  50. The output for these components is entirely implementation-defined. The default presentation modifier for these components is n, indicating that they are output as names (or conventional abbreviations), and the chosen names will in many cases depend on the chosen language: see 10.8.4.8 The language, calendar, and place arguments. (See Formatting Other Components.)

  51. The set of languages, calendars, and places that are supported in the date formatting functions is implementation-defined. When any of these arguments is omitted or is an empty sequence, an implementation-defined default value is used. (See The language, calendar, and place arguments.)

  52. The choice of the names and abbreviations used in any given language is implementation-defined. For example, one implementation might abbreviate July as Jul while another uses Jly. In German, one implementation might represent Saturday as Samstag while another uses Sonnabend. Implementations may provide mechanisms allowing users to control such choices. (See The language, calendar, and place arguments.)

  53. The choice of the names and abbreviations used in any given language for calendar units such as days of the week and months of the year is implementation-defined. (See The language, calendar, and place arguments.)

  54. The calendar value if present must be a valid EQName (dynamic error: [err:FOFD1340]). If it is a lexical QName then it is expanded into an expanded QName using the statically known namespaces; if it has no prefix then it represents an expanded-QName in no namespace. If the expanded QName is in no namespace, then it must identify a calendar with a designator specified below (dynamic error: [err:FOFD1340]). If the expanded QName is in a namespace then it identifies the calendar in an implementation-defined way. (See The language, calendar, and place arguments.)

  55. At least one of the above calendars must be supported. It is implementation-defined which calendars are supported. (See The language, calendar, and place arguments.)

  56. The requirement to deliver a deterministic result has performance implications, and for this reason implementations may provide a user option to evaluate the function without a guarantee of determinism. The manner in which any such option is provided is implementation-defined. If the user has not selected such an option, a call of the function must either return a deterministic result or must raise a dynamic error [err:FODC0003]. (See fn:doc.)

  57. Various aspects of this processing are implementation-defined. Implementations may provide external configuration options that allow any aspect of the processing to be controlled by the user. In particular:... (See fn:doc.)

  58. It is implementation-defined whether DTD validation and/or schema validation is applied to the source document. (See fn:doc.)

  59. The effect of a fragment identifier in the supplied URI is implementation-defined. One possible interpretation is to treat the fragment identifier as an ID attribute value, and to return a document node having the element with the selected ID value as its only child. (See fn:doc.)

  60. By default, this function is deterministic. This means that repeated calls on the function with the same argument will return the same result. However, for performance reasons, implementations may provide a user option to evaluate the function without a guarantee of determinism. The manner in which any such option is provided is implementation-defined. If the user has not selected such an option, a call to this function must either return a deterministic result or must raise a dynamic error [err:FODC0003]. (See fn:collection.)

  61. By default, this function is deterministic. This means that repeated calls on the function with the same argument will return the same result. However, for performance reasons, implementations may provide a user option to evaluate the function without a guarantee of determinism. The manner in which any such option is provided is implementation-defined. If the user has not selected such an option, a call to this function must either return a deterministic result or must raise a dynamic error [err:FODC0003]. (See fn:uri-collection.)

  62. ...the processor may use implementation-defined heuristics to determine the likely encoding, otherwise... (See fn:unparsed-text.)

  63. The fact that the resolution of URIs is defined by a mapping in the dynamic context means that in effect, various aspects of the behavior of this function are implementation-defined. Implementations may provide external configuration options that allow any aspect of the processing to be controlled by the user. In particular:... (See fn:unparsed-text.)

  64. The collation used for matching names is implementation-defined, but must be the same as the collation used to ensure that the names of all environment variables are unique. (See fn:environment-variable.)

  65. Except to the extent defined by these options, the precise process used to construct the XDM instance is implementation-defined. In particular, it is implementation-defined whether an XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 parser is used. (See fn:parse-xml.)

  66. Options set in $options may be supplemented or modified based on configuration options defined externally using implementation-defined mechanisms. (See fn:parse-xml.)

  67. Except as explicitly defined, the precise process used to construct the XDM instance is implementation-defined. In particular, it is implementation-defined whether an XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 parser is used. (See fn:parse-xml-fragment.)

  68. If the second argument is omitted, or is supplied in the form of an output:serialization-parameters element, then the values of any serialization parameters that are not explicitly specified is implementation-defined, and may depend on the context. (See fn:serialize.)

  69. Because the [DOM: Living Standard] and [HTML: Living Standard] are not fixed, it is implementation-defined which versions are used. (See XDM Mapping from HTML DOM Nodes.)

  70. If an implementation allows these nodes to be passed in via an API or similar mechanism, their behaviour is implementation-defined. (See XDM Mapping from HTML DOM Nodes.)

  71. If the local name contains a character that is not a valid XML NameStartChar or NameChar, then an implementation-defined replacement string is used. The result must be a valid NCName. (See node-name Accessor.)

  72. If the local name contains a character that is not a valid XML NameStartChar or NameChar, then an implementation-defined replacement string is used. The result must be a valid NCName. (See node-name Accessor.)

  73. Additional implementation-defined parser options are allowed. (See HTML parser options.)

  74. Any other method and html-version combinations are implementation-defined. (See fn:parse-html.)

  75. The default behaviour is implementation-defined. (See fn:parse-html.)

  76. An implementation-defined parsing algorithm, tree construction, and validation consistent with the specified HTML version. (See fn:parse-html.)

  77. The input may contain deviations from the grammar of [RFC 7159], which are handled in an implementation-defined way. (Note: some popular extensions include allowing quotes on keys to be omitted, allowing a comma to appear after the last item in an array, allowing leading zeroes in numbers, and allowing control characters such as tab and newline to be present in unescaped form.) Since the extensions accepted are implementation-defined, an error may be raised [err:FOJS0001] if the input does not conform to the grammar. (See fn:parse-json.)

  78. The supplied function is called to process the string value of any JSON number in the input. By default, numbers are processed by converting to xs:double using the XPath casting rules. Supplying the value xs:decimal#1 will instead convert to xs:decimal (which potentially retains more precision, but disallows exponential notation), while supplying a function that casts to (xs:decimal | xs:double) will treat the value as xs:decimal if there is no exponent, or as xs:double otherwise. Supplying the value fn:identity#1 causes the value to be retained unchanged as an xs:untypedAtomic. If the liberal option is false (the default), then the supplied number-parser is called if and only if the value conforms to the JSON grammar for numbers (for example, a leading plus sign and redundant leading zeroes are not allowed). If the liberal option is true then it is also called if the value conforms to an implementation-defined extension of this grammar. (See fn:parse-json.)

  79. The input may contain deviations from the grammar of [RFC 7159], which are handled in an implementation-defined way. (Note: some popular extensions include allowing quotes on keys to be omitted, allowing a comma to appear after the last item in an array, allowing leading zeroes in numbers, and allowing control characters such as tab and newline to be present in unescaped form.) Since the extensions accepted are implementation-defined, an error may be raised (see below) if the input does not conform to the grammar. (See fn:json-to-xml.)

  80. Default: Implementation-defined. (See fn:json-to-xml.)

  81. Indicates that the resulting XDM instance must be typed; that is, the element and attribute nodes must carry the type annotations that result from validation against the schema given at C.2 Schema for the result of fn:json-to-xml, or against an implementation-defined schema if the liberal option has the value true. (See fn:json-to-xml.)

  82. The result of the function will always be such that validation against this schema would succeed. However, it is implementation-defined whether the result is typed or untyped, that is, whether the elements and attributes in the returned tree have type annotations that reflect the result of validating against this schema. (See fn:csv-to-xml.)

  83. Additional, implementation-defined options may be available, for example, to control aspects of the XML serialization, to specify the grammar start symbol, or to produce output formats other than XML. (See fn:invisible-xml.)

  84. If the arguments to fn:function-lookup identify a function that is present in the static context of the function call, the function will always return the same function that a static reference to this function would bind to. If there is no such function in the static context, then the results depend on what is present in the dynamic context, which is implementation-defined. (See fn:function-lookup.)

  85. Default: The version given in the prolog of the library module; or implementation-defined if this is absent. (See fn:load-xquery-module.)

  86. A sequence of URIs (in the form of xs:string values) which may be used or ignored in an implementation-defined way.... (See fn:load-xquery-module.)

  87. Values for vendor-defined configuration options for the XQuery processor used to process the request. The key is the name of an option, expressed as a QName: the namespace URI of the QName should be a URI controlled by the vendor of the XQuery processor. The meaning of the associated value is implementation-defined. Implementations should ignore options whose names are in an unrecognized namespace. The option parameter conventions do not apply to this contained map.... (See fn:load-xquery-module.)

  88. It is implementation-defined whether constructs in the library module are evaluated in the same execution scope as the calling module. (See fn:load-xquery-module.)

  89. The library module that is loaded may import schema declarations using an import schema declaration. It is implementation-defined whether schema components in the in-scope schema definitions of the calling module are automatically added to the in-scope schema definitions of the dynamically loaded module. The in-scope schema definitions of the calling and called modules must be consistent, according to the rules defined in Section 2.2.5 Consistency Constraints XQ31. (See fn:load-xquery-module.)

  90. Default: Implementation-defined. (See fn:transform.)

  91. Default: Implementation-defined. (See fn:transform.)

  92. If the implementation provides a way of writing or invoking functions with side-effects, this post-processing function might be used to save a copy of the result document to persistent storage. For example, if the implementation provides access to the EXPath File library [EXPath], then a serialized document might be written to filestore by calling the file:write function. Similar mechanisms might be used to issue an HTTP POST request that posts the result to an HTTP server, or to send the document to an email recipient. The semantics of calling functions with side-effects are entirely implementation-defined. (See fn:transform.)

  93. Calls to fn:transform can potentially have side-effects even in the absence of the post-processing option, because the XSLT specification allows a stylesheet to invoke extension functions that have side-effects. The semantics in this case are implementation-defined. (See fn:transform.)

  94. A string intended to be used as the static base URI of the principal stylesheet module. This value must be used if no other static base URI is available. If the supplied stylesheet already has a base URI (which will generally be the case if the stylesheet is supplied using stylesheet-node or stylesheet-location) then it is implementation-defined whether this parameter has any effect. If the value is a relative reference, it is resolved against the static base URI of the fn:transform function call.... (See fn:transform.)

  95. Values for vendor-defined configuration options for the XSLT processor used to process the request. The key is the name of an option, expressed as a QName: the namespace URI of the QName should be a URI controlled by the vendor of the XSLT processor. The meaning of the associated value is implementation-defined. Implementations should ignore options whose names are in an unrecognized namespace. Default is an empty map.... (See fn:transform.)

  96. It is implementation-defined whether the XSLT transformation is executed within the same execution scope as the calling code. (See fn:transform.)

  97. XSLT 1.0 does not define any error codes, so this is the likely outcome with an XSLT 1.0 processor. XSLT 2.0 and 3.0 do define error codes, but some APIs do not expose them. If multiple errors are signaled by the transformation (which is most likely to happen with static errors) then the error code should where possible be that of one of these errors, chosen arbitrarily; the processor may make details of additional errors available to the application in an implementation-defined way. (See fn:transform.)

  98. If ST is xs:float or xs:double, then TV is the xs:decimal value, within the set of xs:decimal values that the implementation is capable of representing, that is numerically closest to SV. If two values are equally close, then the one that is closest to zero is chosen. If SV is too large to be accommodated as an xs:decimal, (see [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition] for implementation-defined limits on numeric values) a dynamic error is raised [err:FOCA0001]. If SV is one of the special xs:float or xs:double values NaN, INF, or -INF, a dynamic error is raised [err:FOCA0002]. (See Casting to xs:decimal.)

  99. In casting to xs:decimal or to a type derived from xs:decimal, if the value is not too large or too small but nevertheless cannot be represented accurately with the number of decimal digits available to the implementation, the implementation may round to the nearest representable value or may raise a dynamic error [err:FOCA0006]. The choice of rounding algorithm and the choice between rounding and error behavior is implementation-defined. (See Casting from xs:string and xs:untypedAtomic.)

  100. If ST is xs:decimal, xs:float or xs:double, then TV is SV with the fractional part discarded and the value converted to xs:integer. Thus, casting 3.1456 returns 3 while -17.89 returns -17. Casting 3.124E1 returns 31. If SV is too large to be accommodated as an integer, (see [XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition] for implementation-defined limits on numeric values) a dynamic error is raised [err:FOCA0003]. If SV is one of the special xs:float or xs:double values NaN, INF, or -INF, a dynamic error is raised [err:FOCA0002]. (See Casting to xs:integer.)

  101. The tz timezone database, available at http://www.iana.org/time-zones. It is implementation-defined which version of the database is used. (See IANA Timezone Database.)

  102. Unicode Standard Annex #15: Unicode Normalization Forms. Ed. Mark Davis and Ken Whistler, Unicode Consortium. The current version is 9.0.0, dated 2016-02-24. As with [The Unicode Standard], the version to be used is implementation-defined. Available at: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/. (See UAX #15.)

  103. Unicode Standard Annex #29: Unicode Text Segmentation. Ed. Josh Hadley, Unicode Consortium. The current version is 15.1.0, dated 2023-08-16. As with [The Unicode Standard], the version to be used is implementation-defined. Available at: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/. (See UAX #29.)

  104. The Unicode Consortium, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2016. The Unicode Standard as updated from time to time by the publication of new versions. See http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/ for the latest version and additional information on versions of the standard and of the Unicode Character Database. The version of Unicode to be used is implementation-defined, but implementations are recommended to use the latest Unicode version; currently, Version 9.0.0. (See The Unicode Standard.)

  105. Unicode Technical Standard #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm. Ed. Mark Davis and Ken Whistler, Unicode Consortium. The current version is 9.0.0, dated 2016-05-18. As with [The Unicode Standard], the version to be used is implementation-defined. Available at: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr10/. (See UTS #10.)

  106. Unicode Technical Standard #35: Unicode Locale Data Markup Language. Ed Mark Davis et al, Unicode Consortium. The current version is 29, dated 2016-03-15. As with [The Unicode Standard], the version to be used is implementation-defined. Available at: http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/. (See UTS #35.)

G Changes since 3.1 (Non-Normative)

G.1 Summary of Changes

  1. Use the arrows to browse significant changes since the 3.1 version of this specification.

    See 1 Introduction

  2. Sections with significant changes are marked Δ in the table of contents. New functions introduced in this version are marked ➕ in the table of contents.

    See 1 Introduction

  3. PR 1620 1886 

    Options are added to customize the form of the output.

    See 2.2.6 fn:path

  4. PR 1547 1551 

    New in 4.0

    See 2.2.8 fn:siblings

  5. PR 629 803 

    New in 4.0

    See 3.2.2 fn:message

  6. PR 1260 1275 

    A third argument has been added, providing control over the rounding mode.

    See 4.4.4 fn:round

  7. New in 4.0

    See 4.4.7 fn:is-NaN

  8. PR 1049 1151 

    Decimal format parameters can now be supplied directly as a map in the third argument, rather than referencing a format defined in the static context.

    See 4.7.2 fn:format-number

  9. PR 1205 1230 

    New in 4.0

    See 4.8.2 math:e

    See 4.8.16 math:sinh

    See 4.8.17 math:cosh

    See 4.8.18 math:tanh

  10. The 3.1 specification suggested that every value in the result range should have the same chance of being chosen. This has been corrected to say that the distribution should be arithmetically uniform (because there are as many xs:double values between 0.01 and 0.1 as there are between 0.1 and 1.0).

    See 4.9.2 fn:random-number-generator

  11. PR 261 306 993 

    New in 4.0

    See 5.4.1 fn:char

  12. New in 4.0

    See 5.4.2 fn:characters

  13. PR 937 995 1190 

    New in 4.0

    See 5.4.13 fn:hash

  14. New in 4.0

    See 7.6.2 fn:parse-uri

  15. PR 1423 1413 

    New in 4.0

    See 7.6.3 fn:build-uri

  16. New in 4.0

    See 11.2.6 fn:in-scope-namespaces

  17. Reformulated in 4.0 in terms of the new fn:in-scope-namespaces function; the semantics are unchanged.

    See 11.2.7 fn:in-scope-prefixes

  18. Reformulated in 4.0 in terms of the new fn:in-scope-namespaces function; the semantics are unchanged.

    See 11.2.8 fn:namespace-uri-for-prefix

  19. New in 4.0

    See 14.1.9 fn:replicate

  20. New in 4.0

    See 14.1.12 fn:slice

  21. New in 4.0. The function is identical to the internal op:same-key function in 3.1

    See 14.2.1 fn:atomic-equal

  22. PR 1120 1150 

    A callback function can be supplied for comparing individual items.

    See 14.2.2 fn:deep-equal

  23. Changed in 4.0 to use transitive equality comparisons for numeric values.

    See 14.2.4 fn:distinct-values

  24. PR 614 987 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.2.5 fn:duplicate-values

  25. New in 4.0. Originally proposed under the name fn:uniform

    See 14.4.6 fn:all-equal

  26. New in 4.0. Originally proposed under the name fn:unique

    See 14.4.7 fn:all-different

  27. PR 1117 1279 

    The $options parameter has been added.

    See 14.6.6 fn:unparsed-text-lines

  28. Additional options to control DTD and XInclude processing have been added.

    See 15.1.1 fn:parse-xml

  29. PR 259 956 

    A new function is available for processing input data in HTML format.

    See 15.2 Functions on HTML Data

    New in 4.0

    See 15.2.2 fn:parse-html

  30. PR 259 956 

    New in 4.0

    See 15.2.3 fn:parse-html

  31. PR 975 1058 1246 

    An option is provided to control how JSON numbers should be formatted.

    See 15.3.4 fn:parse-json

  32. Additional options are available, as defined by fn:parse-json.

    See 15.3.5 fn:json-doc

  33. PR 533 719 834 1066 

    New in 4.0

    See 15.4.4 fn:csv-to-arrays

    See 15.4.7 fn:parse-csv

  34. PR 533 719 834 1066 1605 

    New in 4.0

    See 15.4.9 fn:csv-to-xml

  35. PR 791 1256 1282 1405 

    New in 4.0

    See 15.5.1 fn:invisible-xml

  36. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.4 fn:every

  37. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.10 fn:highest

  38. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.11 fn:index-where

  39. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.12 fn:lowest

  40. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.16 fn:scan-right

  41. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.17 fn:some

  42. PR 521 761 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.22 fn:transitive-closure

  43. New in 4.0

    See 18.4.6 map:filter

  44. A third argument is added, allowing user control of how absent keys should be handled.

    See 18.4.9 map:get

  45. New in 4.0

    See 18.4.10 map:items

  46. PR 478 515 

    New in 4.0

    See 18.4.12 map:keys-where

  47. New in 4.0

    See 18.4.14 map:of-pairs

  48. New in 4.0

    See 18.4.15 map:pair

  49. New in 4.0

    See 18.4.16 map:pairs

  50. New in 4.0.

    See 18.5.7 fn:elements-to-maps

  51. New in 4.0

    See 19.2.3 array:empty

  52. A third argument is added, allowing user control of how index-out-of-bounds conditions should be handled.

    See 19.2.11 array:get

  53. PR 968 1295 

    New in 4.0

    See 19.2.13 array:index-of

  54. PR 476 1087 

    New in 4.0

    See 19.2.16 array:items

  55. PR 360 476 

    New in 4.0

    See 19.2.18 array:members

    See 19.2.19 array:of-members

  56. New in 4.0

    See 19.2.24 array:slice

  57. New in 4.0

    See 19.2.25 array:sort

  58. New in 4.0

    See 19.2.26 array:split

  59. Supplying an empty sequence as the value of an optional argument is equivalent to omitting the argument.

    See 19.2.27 array:subarray

  60. New functions are provided to obtain information about built-in types and types defined in an imported schema.

    See 20 Processing types

  61. PR 533 719 834 

    New functions are available for processing input data in CSV (comma separated values) format.

    See 15.4 Functions on CSV Data

  62. PR 734 1233 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.2 fn:chain

  63. A new function fn:elements-to-maps is provided for converting XDM trees to maps suitable for serialization as JSON. Unlike the fn:xml-to-json function retained from 3.1, this can handle arbitrary XML as input.

    See 18.5 Converting Elements to Maps

  64. New in 4.0

    See 14.1.5 fn:identity

  65. New in 4.0.

    See 4.4.6 fn:divide-decimals

  66. The default for the escape option has been changed to false. The 3.1 specification gave the default value as true, but this appears to have been an error, since it was inconsistent with examples given in the specification and with tests in the test suite.

    See 15.3.4 fn:parse-json

  67. The spec has been corrected to note that the function depends on the implicit timezone.

    See 14.2.3 fn:compare

  68. In 3.1, given a mixed input sequence such as (1, 3, 4.2e0), the specification was unclear whether it was permitted to add the first two integer items using integer arithmetic, rather than converting all items to doubles before performing any arithmetic. The 4.0 specification is clear that this is permitted; but since the items can be reordered before being added, this is not required.

    See 14.4.2 fn:avg

    See 14.4.5 fn:sum

  69. It is explicitly stated that the limits for $precision are implementation-defined.

    See 4.4.4 fn:round

    See 4.4.5 fn:round-half-to-even

  70. It is no longer guaranteed that the new key replaces the existing key.

    See 18.4.17 map:put

  71. New in 4.0

    See 17.2.13 fn:partial-apply

  72. The $replacement argument can now be a function that computes the replacement strings.

    See 6.3.2 fn:replace

  73. PR 173 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.3.4 fn:op

  74. PR 203 

    New in 4.0

    See 18.4.1 map:build

  75. PR 207 

    New in 4.0

    See 11.1.2 fn:parse-QName

    See 11.2.5 fn:expanded-QName

  76. PR 222 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.2.7 fn:starts-with-subsequence

    See 14.2.8 fn:ends-with-subsequence

    See 14.2.9 fn:contains-subsequence

  77. PR 250 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.1.3 fn:foot

    See 14.1.15 fn:trunk

    See 19.2.2 array:build

    See 19.2.8 array:foot

    See 19.2.29 array:trunk

  78. PR 258 

    New in 4.0

    See 19.2.14 array:index-where

  79. PR 313 

    The second argument can now be a sequence of integers.

    See 14.1.8 fn:remove

  80. PR 314 

    New in 4.0

    See 18.4.4 map:entries

  81. PR 326 

    Higher-order functions are no longer an optional feature.

    See 1.2 Conformance

  82. PR 419 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.1.7 fn:items-at

  83. PR 434 

    New in 4.0

    See 4.5.2 fn:parse-integer

    The function has been extended to allow output in a radix other than 10, for example in hexadecimal.

    See 4.6.1 fn:format-integer

  84. PR 482 

    Deleted an inaccurate statement concerning the behavior of NaN.

    See 4.3 Comparison operators on numeric values

  85. PR 507 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.14 fn:partition

  86. PR 546 

    The rules regarding use of non-XML characters in JSON texts have been relaxed.

    See 15.3.3 JSON character repertoire

    See 15.3.4 fn:parse-json

  87. PR 623 

    Substantially revised to allow multiple sort key definitions.

    See 17.2.18 fn:sort

  88. PR 631 

    New in 4.0

    See 7.3 fn:decode-from-uri

  89. PR 662 

    Constructor functions now have a zero-arity form; the first argument defaults to the context item.

    See 21 Constructor functions

  90. PR 680 

    The case-insensitive collation is now defined normatively within this specification, rather than by reference to the HTML "living specification", which is subject to change. The collation can now be used for ordering comparisons as well as equality comparisons.

    See 5.3.5 The HTML ASCII Case-Insensitive Collation

  91. PR 702 

    The function can now take any number of arguments (previously it had to be two or more), and the arguments can be sequences of strings rather than single strings.

    See 5.4.4 fn:concat

  92. PR 710 

    Changes the function to return a sequence of key-value pairs rather than a map.

    See 17.1.5 fn:function-annotations

  93. PR 727 

    It has been clarified that loading a module has no effect on the static or dynamic context of the caller.

    See 17.3.2 fn:load-xquery-module

  94. PR 795 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.19 fn:sort-with

  95. PR 828 

    The $predicate callback function accepts an optional position argument.

    See 17.2.5 fn:filter

    The $action callback function accepts an optional position argument.

    See 17.2.7 fn:fold-right

    See 17.2.8 fn:for-each

    See 17.2.9 fn:for-each-pair

    The $predicate callback function now accepts an optional position argument.

    See 19.2.4 array:filter

    The $action callback function now accepts an optional position argument.

    See 19.2.7 array:fold-right

    See 19.2.9 array:for-each

    See 19.2.10 array:for-each-pair

  96. PR 881 

    The way that fn:min and fn:max compare numeric values of different types has changed. The most noticeable effect is that when these functions are applied to a sequence of xs:integer or xs:decimal values, the result is an xs:integer or xs:decimal, rather than the result of converting this to an xs:double

    See 14.4.3 fn:max

    See 14.4.4 fn:min

  97. PR 901 

    All three arguments are now optional, and each argument can be set to an empty sequence. Previously if $description was supplied, it could not be empty.

    See 3.1.1 fn:error

    The $label argument can now be set to an empty sequence. Previously if $label was supplied, it could not be empty.

    See 3.2.1 fn:trace

    The third argument can now be supplied as an empty sequence.

    See 5.4.6 fn:substring

    The second argument can now be an empty sequence.

    See 6.3.3 fn:tokenize

    The optional second argument can now be supplied as an empty sequence.

    See 7.1 fn:resolve-uri

    The 3rd, 4th, and 5th arguments are now optional; previously the function required either 2 or 5 arguments.

    See 10.8.1 fn:format-dateTime

    See 10.8.2 fn:format-date

    See 10.8.3 fn:format-time

    The optional third argument can now be supplied as an empty sequence.

    See 14.1.13 fn:subsequence

  98. PR 905 

    The rule that multiple calls on fn:doc supplying the same absolute URI must return the same document node has been clarified; in particular the rule does not apply if the dynamic context for the two calls requires different processing of the documents (such as schema validation or whitespace stripping).

    See 14.6.1 fn:doc

  99. PR 909 

    The function has been expanded in scope to handle comparison of values other than strings.

    See 14.2.3 fn:compare

  100. PR 924 

    Rules have been added clarifying that users should not be allowed to change the schema for the fn namespace.

    See C Schemas

  101. PR 925 

    The decimal format name can now be supplied as a value of type xs:QName, as an alternative to supplying a lexical QName as an instance of xs:string.

    See 4.7.2 fn:format-number

  102. PR 932 

    The specification now prescribes a minimum precision and range for durations.

    See 9.1.2 Limits and precision

  103. PR 933 

    When comments and processing instructions are ignored, any text nodes either side of the comment or processing instruction are now merged prior to comparison.

    See 14.2.2 fn:deep-equal

  104. PR 940 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.20 fn:subsequence-where

  105. PR 953 

    Constructor functions for named record types have been introduced.

    See 21.6 Constructor functions for named record types

  106. PR 962 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.3 fn:do-until

    See 17.2.23 fn:while-do

  107. PR 969 

    New in 4.0

    See 18.4.3 map:empty

  108. PR 984 

    New in 4.0

    See 9.4.1 fn:seconds

  109. PR 987 

    The order of results is now prescribed; it was previously implementation-dependent.

    See 14.2.4 fn:distinct-values

  110. PR 988 

    New in 4.0

    See 15.3.8 fn:pin

    See 15.3.9 fn:label

  111. PR 1022 

    Regular expressions can include comments (starting and ending with #) if the c flag is set.

    See 6.1 Regular expression syntax

    See 6.2 Flags

  112. PR 1028 

    An option is provided to control how the JSON null value should be handled.

    See 15.3.4 fn:parse-json

  113. PR 1032 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.1.17 fn:void

  114. PR 1046 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.21 fn:take-while

  115. PR 1059 

    Use of an option keyword that is not defined in the specification and is not known to the implementation now results in a dynamic error; previously it was ignored.

    See 1.7 Options

  116. PR 1068 

    New in 4.0

    See 5.4.3 fn:graphemes

  117. PR 1072 

    The return type is now specified more precisely.

    See 17.3.2 fn:load-xquery-module

  118. PR 1090 

    When casting from a string to a duration or time or dateTime, it is now specified that when there are more digits in the fractional seconds than the implementation is able to retain, excess digits are truncated. Rounding upwards (which could affect the number of minutes or hours in the value) is not permitted.

    See 22.2 Casting from xs:string and xs:untypedAtomic

  119. PR 1093 

    New in 4.0

    See 5.3.8 fn:collation

  120. PR 1117 

    The $options parameter has been added.

    See 14.6.5 fn:unparsed-text

    See 14.6.7 fn:unparsed-text-available

  121. PR 1182 

    The $predicate callback function may return an empty sequence (meaning false).

    See 17.2.3 fn:do-until

    See 17.2.4 fn:every

    See 17.2.5 fn:filter

    See 17.2.11 fn:index-where

    See 17.2.17 fn:some

    See 17.2.21 fn:take-while

    See 17.2.23 fn:while-do

    See 18.4.6 map:filter

    See 18.4.12 map:keys-where

    See 19.2.4 array:filter

    See 19.2.14 array:index-where

  122. PR 1191 

    New in 4.0

    See 2.3.1 fn:distinct-ordered-nodes

    The $options parameter has been added, absorbing the $collation parameter.

    See 14.2.2 fn:deep-equal

  123. PR 1250 

    For selected properties including percent and exponent-separator, it is now possible to specify a single-character marker to be used in the picture string, together with a multi-character rendition to be used in the formatted output.

    See 4.7.2 fn:format-number

  124. PR 1257 

    The $options parameter has been added.

    See 15.1.1 fn:parse-xml

    See 15.1.2 fn:parse-xml-fragment

  125. PR 1262 

    New in 4.0

    See 5.3.9 fn:collation-available

  126. PR 1265 

    The constraints on the result of the function have been relaxed.

    See 2.1.6 fn:document-uri

  127. PR 1280 

    As a result of changes to the coercion rules, the number of supplied arguments can be greater than the number required: extra arguments are ignored.

    See 17.2.1 fn:apply

  128. PR 1288 

    Additional error conditions have been defined.

    See 15.1.1 fn:parse-xml

  129. PR 1296 

    New in 4.0

    See 17.2.15 fn:scan-left

  130. PR 1333 

    A new option is provided to allow the content of the loaded module to be supplied as a string.

    See 17.3.2 fn:load-xquery-module

  131. PR 1353 

    An option has been added to suppress the escaping of the solidus (forwards slash) character.

    See 15.3.7 fn:xml-to-json

  132. PR 1358 

    New in 4.0

    See 10.3.2 fn:unix-dateTime

  133. PR 1361 

    The term atomic value has been replaced by atomic item.

    See 1.9 Terminology

  134. PR 1393 

    Changes the function to return a sequence of key-value pairs rather than a map.

    See 17.1.5 fn:function-annotations

  135. PR 1409 

    This section now uses the term primitive type strictly to refer to the 20 atomic types that are not derived by restriction from another atomic type: that is, the 19 primitive atomic types defined in XSD, plus xs:untypedAtomic. The three types xs:integer, xs:dayTimeDuration, and xs:yearMonthDuration, which have custom casting rules but are not strictly-speaking primitive, are now handled in other subsections.

    See 22.1 Casting from primitive types to primitive types

    The rules for conversion of dates and times to strings are now defined entirely in terms of XSD 1.1 canonical mappings, since these deliver exactly the same result as the XPath 3.1 rules.

    See 22.1.2.2 Casting date/time values to xs:string

    The rules for conversion of durations to strings are now defined entirely in terms of XSD 1.1 canonical mappings, since the XSD 1.1 rules deliver exactly the same result as the XPath 3.1 rules.

    See 22.1.2.3 Casting xs:duration values to xs:string

  136. PR 1455 

    Numbers now retain their original lexical form, except for any changes needed to satisfy JSON syntax rules (for example, stripping leading zero digits).

    See 15.3.7 fn:xml-to-json

  137. PR 1481 

    The function has been extended to handle other Gregorian types such as xs:gYearMonth.

    See 10.5.1 fn:year-from-dateTime

    See 10.5.2 fn:month-from-dateTime

    The function has been extended to handle other Gregorian types such as xs:gMonthDay.

    See 10.5.3 fn:day-from-dateTime

    The function has been extended to handle other types including xs:time.

    See 10.5.4 fn:hours-from-dateTime

    See 10.5.5 fn:minutes-from-dateTime

    The function has been extended to handle other types such as xs:gYearMonth.

    See 10.5.7 fn:timezone-from-dateTime

  138. PR 1504 

    New in 4.0

    See 14.1.11 fn:sequence-join

    Optional $separator added.

    See 19.2.17 array:join

  139. PR 1523 

    New in 4.0

    See 20.1.2 fn:schema-type

    See 20.1.4 fn:atomic-type-annotation

    See 20.1.5 fn:node-type-annotation

  140. PR 1545 

    New in 4.0

    See 10.6.4 fn:civil-timezone

  141. PR 1570 

    New in 4.0

    See 20.1.3 fn:type-of

  142. PR 1703 

    The order of entries in maps is retained.

    See 15.3.4 fn:parse-json

    Ordered maps are introduced.

    See 18.1 Ordering of Maps

    Enhanced to allow for ordered maps.

    See 18.4.6 map:filter

    See 18.4.7 map:find

    See 18.4.8 map:for-each

    See 18.4.17 map:put

    See 18.4.18 map:remove

  143. PR 1727 

    For consistency with the new functions map:build and map:of-pairs, the handling of duplicates may now be controlled by supplying a user-defined callback function as an alternative to the fixed values for the earlier duplicates option.

    See 18.4.13 map:merge

  144. PR 1856 

    Word boundaries can be matched. Lookahead and lookbehind assertions are supported. Assertions (including ^ and $) can no longer be followed by a quantifier.

    See 6.1 Regular expression syntax

    It is now permitted for the regular expression to match a zero-length string.

    See 6.3.2 fn:replace

    See 6.3.3 fn:tokenize

    The output of the function is extended to allow the represention of captured groups found within lookahead assertions.

    See 6.3.4 fn:analyze-string

    It is now permitted for the regular expression to match a zero-length string.

    See 6.3.4 fn:analyze-string

  145. PR 1910 

    An $options parameter is added. Note that the rules for the $options parameter control aspects of processing that were implementation-defined in earlier versions of this specification. An implementation may provide configuration options designed to retain backwards-compatible behavior when no explicit options are supplied.

    See 14.6.1 fn:doc

    See 14.6.2 fn:doc-available